Recalling items from memory reduces our ability to recall other related items

Thursday, February 23, 2012

Researchers at the universities of Granada and Ja?n, Spain, have discovered why recalling some items from memory reduces our ability to recall other related items. In the field of Psychology, this phenomenon is known as "Retrieval-Induced Forgetting" (RIF), and researchers have determined the cognitive process that causes this phenomenon and its duration.

To carry out this study, the researchers designed a set of memory tasks where the participants had to learn a material and then recall it partially. Memory tasks had different levels of difficulty and included different types of materials; they were presented both to young people (university students) and to elder people (average age: 65 years).

Firstly, participants were asked to learn a list of words grouped by semantic category. Then, participants were presented a set of cues to make them name half the words from half the categories. Then, they were asked to recall all the elements learnt in the first phase. The researchers found that participants had difficulty to remember the elements that had not been practiced in the second phase and were from the same category that had half its items practiced. However, it was easier for them to remember those elements that had not been recalled in the second phase and belonged to categories that had not been practiced.

Two Questions to be Solved

The aim of this research study was to characterize the cognitive control mechanism involved in Retrieval-Induced Forgetting. While some of the properties of this phenomenon are known, there are two relevant questions unanswered: controlled nature versus automated nature of the mechanism responsible for reducing the ability to recall items, and the duration of such reduced ability.

These two questions have been answered by the University of Granada researchers, who have confirmed the adaptive nature of Retrieval-Induced Forgetting. This phenomenon is an effect of the activation of a cognitive control mechanism that is efficient even in individuals with a partial executive control deficiency. This mechanism reduces access to memory traces that might affect the recalling of target information, and its persistence relies on the type of information involved.This phenomenon is not permanent, as forgotten information can be recalled shortly when it occupies a central part of the cognitive structure of the subject.

The principal author of this study is Almudena Ortega, from the University of Granada Department of Experimental Psychology, in collaboration with professors Teresa Bajo Molina, from the University of Granada, and Carlos J. G?mez Ariza, from the University of Ja?n, Spain.

The results of this research study have been partially published in Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, memory and Cognition.

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University of Granada: http://www.ugr.es

Thanks to University of Granada for this article.

This press release was posted to serve as a topic for discussion. Please comment below. We try our best to only post press releases that are associated with peer reviewed scientific literature. Critical discussions of the research are appreciated. If you need help finding a link to the original article, please contact us on twitter or via e-mail.

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Source: http://www.labspaces.net/117853/Recalling_items_from_memory_reduces_our_ability_to_recall_other_related_items

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How Children Get Harmed While They Paintball | New Health and ...

New Health And Fitness.Org - Health Information You Can Use

The paintball sport can be played by any person who is able to understand the precautions and the rules that he need to follow so that he can be on the safe side. The guns for paintball can be sold depending on the buyer?s age. In some countries, people who are over 18 years old are the ones who are supposed to play this game; however, in other places, people who have only 16 are allowed to own guns at the same time to play this game

The tournaments also can have the minimum age for all the participants. It very much depends on the people who organize the events and, most of the times, even if there are under 18 age groups, those will be supervised more attentively and have a number of rules that are meant to insure the wellbeing and protection of the participants.

Parents, who want to let their children play paintball and become proficient at it, should note that a number of restrictions are necessary. First of all, the children should be made to understand that under no circumstances should they remove their eye protection, the masks and goggles during play. Generally, the manufacturers of protective equipment for paintball do not manufactur small sizes. The Google and the masks have to be selected well so that they can fit well with the children. Protecting the eye has to be among the first concern. If you cannot find a sufficiently small mask and goggles for your children, then, most certainly they are not physically fit to play the game.

The handling of the paintball guns is another aspect that the children have to comprehend exactly. If your child is too small to pay close attention to his actions while maneuvering the paintball gun then he should probably not use it in the first place. Make sure that the child understands all the risks associated with the usage of a paintball gun that is not safely handled. The children should know that the gun is not a toy and that it needs to be used with regard to the rules. Never point the barrel to the face, not yours, not the people you are shooting at, never discharge it outside the intended perimeter and, most of all, make sure that the object of the game is not to harm the opponents but to safely tag them.

Consulting the regulations in your area and following them is the best way to insure that your children do not get harmed by playing this sport. Some countries consider paintball guns to be very dangerous and cannot be used unless you are in designated areas. The age of the participants is generally 16 for the most open tournaments, but, sometimes, for minors there may certain rules that further regulate their play.

If you want to allow your children to practice, make sure that they understand all the dangers associated with the sport and that they understand how to protect themselves and the other participants.

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Source: http://newhealthandfitness.org/2012/02/23/how-children-get-harmed-while-they-paintball/

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Auto insurace Price ? The Five Characteristics that Affect Car ...

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Notable Call Options Activity in MetroPCS Communications | Benzinga

Shares of MetroPCS Communications (NYSE: PCS) are lower on the session by 0.58%, currently trading at $10.28. The stock has been moving largely higher over the past three months and is currently trading above the 50-day moving average.

Options traders are focusing on calls today. The strike seeing the heaviest volume is the March 2012 $12 call, which has traded 2,750 times on open interest of 39 contracts.

Calls are outpacing puts today by 19 to 1.

MetroPCS Communications, Inc. is a wireless telecommunications provider in the United States measured by the number of subscribers served.

(c) 2011 Benzinga.com. All rights reserved. This material may not be published in its entirety or redistributed without the approval of Benzinga.

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Source: http://www.benzinga.com/markets/options/12/02/2359029/notable-call-options-activity-in-metropcs-communications

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Pay day Loan - Finance

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Source: http://www.thestocktradinginvestment.com/2012/02/22/pay-day-loan/

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Internet Marketing And You: How To Promote Your Business Online ...

Having a secure ordering system is imperative. Make sure that you are using a safe website when placing any type of money transaction option on your website. For example, Paypal has a very good reputation. Users should also create password protected accounts before submitting personal information to you via the website.

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Finding information on effective marketing strategies does not have to cost a fortune. Many free resources are readily available. Just a few of these resources could be joining a forum, reading blogs about marketing, going to a business conference or seminar, or downloading e-books.

Try to make a subtle, non-flashy website. Instead of whiz-bang tricks, concentrate your effort on honing your message. The general rule is that you have just 5-10 seconds to capture the attention of a new visitor to your site and convince them to take a longer look. Chances are good that they will move on if it takes any longer.

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Understandably, getting a hold in any field will take a good amount of time. Establish a solid base of knowledge through research, then start working towards your goal.

Internet Marketing Tips That Can Help Any Organization

Our company is a full service website design, website marketing, and Search engine optimization company operating out of Cincinnati, Ohio. We happily guide companies in Ohio, Kentucky, Indiana, live and in person. Through the magic of the online world, we simultaneously provide search engine optimization and internet marketing services worldwide, for many different sized businesses. When you have any queries about how we can help your website earn money for your company, call us immediately!

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Be As Healthy As Possible While You Work Out | New Health and ...

New Health And Fitness.Org - Health Information You Can Use

The best way to work out, and to get physically fit, is usually presented in a convoluted conglomeration of misrepresented information. Often times information is divided ? trainers disagree with authors who disagree with online websites. Most of the time, it seems that the media is flooded with fitness programs of all shapes and sizes. The idea is to take the fitness craze that actually fits your situation and body and apply it in a proper and healthy manner. The program that you choose will probably work if you participate in the proper fashion. You are about to learn three things that can help you discover a healthy workout.

To help in the development of your abdominal muscles, work out, and then rest for a day, for optimal results. Like with any other muscle in your body, they need rest. The rest allows the muscles to repair themselves quickly. Too many abdominal workouts may make your abs bulge, and they may be unsightly as well. If your muscle gain is faster than your fat loss, your stomach may appear to bulge out.

This is in keeping with the idea of allowing yourself easy days between hard days of exercise. Your body will be able to recover much more quickly by giving it ample time to rest. This will also help you prevent developing permanent and irritating injuries. Never use a weight belt. Many people like using weight belts. They say that the added weight makes your muscles work harder and burn more calories and will help you get in shape faster. The truth is that the weight belt puts added stress on your abdominal and back muscles while you exercise. Adding the additional weight is very useful when you do weight training that includes deadlifts and overhead presses in your everyday regimen. The same is true for weighted down vests or carrying weights while you walk or run.

If you are limber prior to working out, things will go much better. Holding your stretch for 30 seconds or more is one way to limber up. 60 second stretches are recommended for people over the age of 40. Older people simply have to stretch longer because their muscles are older and require more attention ? the older you get the harder it is to become limber. When stretching, it is important to pay attention to all areas of your body including your upper torso and your legs as well.

Choosing the right exercise, or working the right plan, are debates that will always exist in regard to exercise routines and regimens. What matters more than individual exercises is that you take the healthiest approach to physical fitness possible. Hopefully you have read a few tips in this article that can help you make a proper decision. Just talk to your doctor and make sure that everything you decide to do is a healthy choice.

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Source: http://newhealthandfitness.org/2012/02/20/be-as-healthy-as-possible-while-you-work-out-5/

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Taking a Wise Vacation to Switzerland - Travel - EzineMark

Each and everyone of us has a lot of options where to take a vacation but very few we choose for the best place. Many people are thrilled to spend a vacation to Switzerland because of the magnificent vacation rentals which they can stay in there.Flats in Alps are one of the best places you can stay in Switzerland. The foundation and design is quite impressive. In fact, it is very affordable for every vacationer who wishes comfort and safety.

Many visitors are impressed with the spectacular mountain scenery, unspoiled nature, as well as legendary hospitality from the people. ?The accommodation for every unit of Flats in Alps is full of great accommodation and nice furnishings. ?It is also perfect to stay in a place that is spacious and with bright interior.

?Aside from that, you will also have the chance to see the beautiful view from the mountains and the countryside.

People usually visit Switzerland in winter. It is renowned for skiing activities. Despite the cold weather in winter, people still enjoy doing outdoor sports and activities. It is so nice to meet new people as you will be able to witness their own culture as well. But of course, as a foreign visitor you have to be aware of the proper garment to wear before doing winter sports.

Some people prefer visiting Switzerland in other seasons such as summer, spring, and fall. In this way, people have a better opportunity to see the beautiful places from the flats in Alps.

?The place is known for the beautiful scenery that reflect how magnificent the environment and nature is in Switzerland. Whether you stay in your house, apartment, flats, and chalet you will still enjoy the coolness and freshness of air.

People never tend to regret for spending a vacation to Switzerland because they know that the place is able to maintain a good location for many vacationers. In fact, many of them give compliments for the best accommodation and facility provided. ?In fact, people would utter that despite the rate of vacation rentals people are still satisfied because they feel at home though.

If you want to check more information regarding the best vacation rentals in Switzerland, you may try to visit website like http://flatsinalps.com in order to find the best deals of apartment, houses, flats, and chalets for rent. Aside from that, you will know the inclusive accommodation given for vacationers.

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Source: http://travel.ezinemark.com/taking-a-wise-vacation-to-switzerland-7d34183c0499.html

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Why Choose Online Solar Training

The solar power industry has been growing at incredible rates over the past few years. In 2009 to 2010 alone the solar power industry grew 100 percent from 50,000 employees to 100,000. In 2012 it is predicted to grow about 48 percent and by the year 2015, solar capacity is predicted to be at 10GW, which could generate up to 220,000 jobs per year.

For those seeking viable employment, solar careers are growing at a very fast pace with the great amount of government support, tax incentives, and global opportunities. More and more people are becoming interested in the ?green? industry as well and want to be a part of the environmental movement. For those seeking a career in the solar industry, there are various career tracks available including installation, management, sales, and marketing.

In our world of high-technology, mobile devices, and online education, it only makes sense to offer Solar training online. In fact, online education is one of the fastest growing ways to train people and is used frequently by companies, governments, and educational institutions. People are busy with many things in life and online education allows one to train conveniently and oftentimes at a lower cost.

Advantages of Online solar training:

Online learning is very convenient in that you can study wherever you want, including the office or at home. Even if you work full-time and have a family, it is convenient for you to take a couple of hours a day to invest in online solar training at your leisure. It is also cost effective because you don?t have to travel and oftentimes online solar classes are priced lower than traditional courses. Additionally, you are not only limited to interaction with those in your classroom, but you can expand your network with people globally through chats and social media sites like Facebook, Twitter, and LinkedIn.

Online solar training is readily available and utilizes multimedia avenues such as webinars, streaming audios and videos, and more to increase your knowledge in the solar industry. Plenty of online solar classes are available that can give you an understanding of renewable energy and there are even some basic free online solar classes available to get you started. By trying the free online solar classes you can gauge whether or not you really have a passion for the industry.

Online solar classes are a great way to begin your venture into the solar industry, but to excel as a professional it is suggested that practical hands-on experience be obtained as well. There are various online solar training programs that offer both online and hands-on training. Students can take the time to learn the foundations of the solar industry online and then attend hands-on training in the form of workshops to complete their training.

Online solar training is a valuable tool for those who want to jumpstart their career in the solar industry or expand a current company into the solar industry. With the abundance of solar energy jobs available it is a sound investment and job security is quite strong.

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Source: http://articlelib.org/why-choose-online-solar-training/

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